Tesco in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tesco in India - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that India is amongst the largest countries based on size and population across the world. Its population is more than 1 billion. There is a wide range of economic, as well as, social classes, religions, cultures, languages, and geographies within India. Therefore, it is important for any business operating in India to meet the wide range of consumers’ needs. The extremely large population reflects the opportunities for global businesses, especially the retail stores to invest within the country. Â  Tesco started its operations in 1929, in Britain. It is the leading food retail chain in the country and the third largest globally. In the 1980s, it was amongst the global retail chains that tried the concept of large supermarkets out-of-town. The company has come up with several innovations since the 1990s, including new store concepts, i.e. Tesco Metro and Tesco Express. Tesco Metro is a city store that serves all the needs of the con sumers. Tesco Express was the petrol station store in the United Kingdom. In 1995, the company introduced a Clubcard, which is a shopping card for its loyal customers. It was the first card of the kind in the United Kingdom. The company launched online selling in 2000, through its website Tesco.com. It started spreading globally in 1994. Currently, more than 50 percent of the company’s space is its international operations. Since 2000, the company has started focusing on non-food items, which, for example, has made it the leading retailer of CDs.

Is the Texas Prison System cruel and unusual Research Paper

Is the Texas Prison System cruel and unusual - Research Paper Example Most of the challenges facing the prison system emanate from overcrowding as inmates population have maintained an exponential growth in national levels over the recent past. A law suit has been filed against Texas Prison system after ten inmates succumbed to excessive heating over the summer. In Texas prison, elements of discriminations are evident when former inmates of the prison discuss their ordeal. Some former inmates have asserted that prison warders in Texas prison despise inmates to an extent that they do not value inmates as human beings. They claim that some of their fellow inmates have died out of treatable illnesses that the warders ignore. Some have continued to affirm that Texas prison system have in many occasions prevaricated on the information of murder concerns that are related to the prison system. In Texas prison, inmates are continually committing savage of acts of violence that goes unquestioned. The eminent evidence that these acts of violence are committed in the prison shows that prison officials are perpetuating and condoning the acts. Prison officials have the capability to eliminate all sorts of unethical deed in Texas Prison and which is a commonplace for behaviors such as rape. Texas prison system is suffering from lack of accountability to abuses bestowed to inmates. Lack of accountability is perpetuated by punitive prison policies that have provided a safe haven to breed lawlessness. Most of these policies diminish people’s self-worth, self-esteem that is required to propel an individual to change behaviors in the positive ways that develops productivity once the individual re- enters the society (Clear 270). George Cole is an acclaimed professor majoring in Political Science at the University of Connecticut. He has received a lot of credit in the field of criminal justice. He has received a lot of credit for carrying out research that has led to

School Shooting Massacres Essay Example for Free

School Shooting Massacres Essay Background: A school shooting is an incident in where gun violence occurs at an education institution. A school shooting can affect the students and workers who were in the shooting mentally and physically. The earliest known school shooting to ever take place in the United States was the Pontiacs Rebellion school massacre which happened on July 26, 1764. In this school massacre, four Lenape American Indians entered the school, shoot and killed Enoch Brown, and killed nine or ten children. It is either nine or ten because the reports can be shifted and changed. Only three children survived. There have been worst serious cases where a shooting had managed to take the lives of a couple of people. The Virginia Tech Massacre which was on April 16, 2007 was one of the deadliest shooting incidents by a single gunman in U.S. history. It lasted between 7:15 a.m.–9:51 a.m. The gun man was Seung-Hui Cho, who was a senior at the time in Virginia Tech. Thirty-three people were killed including the gun man himself and twenty-three were injured. This massacre influenced media coverage and drew widespread criticism of U.S. gun culture. It also talked about how there were gaps in the U.S. system for treating mental health issue because Seung-Hui Cho was mentally unfit. The shooting was also known as the second-deadliest act of mass murder at a US school campus. The Columbine School Shooting took place on April 20, 1999. It lasted between 11:19 am – 12:08 pm. The gunmen involved were two seniors named Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. The shooting was mostly focused on school bullying and cliques at school. This school shooting had a very good chance where it could have been stopped. Erick Harris created a blog on a page for a video game where he talked about school, friends and family. It also included the information on how to create trouble and how to make explosives. The blog also talked about the trouble that they were going to cause. It also included how much they both hated the people who bullied them and society itself. The Sandy Hook shooting took place on December 14, 2012. It lasted between 9:35 am – c. 9:49 am. The gunman was Adam Peter Lanza. The reason for the shooting is unknown since the gunman killed himself. Twenty-eight victims were killed and two were injured. The Shooting is the second deadliest shooting in United States history. It is also the deadliest mass murder in an American elementary school. The shooting started debate on gun control and a new idea for banning the sale and making of some types of semi-automatic weapons and magazines. Adam Lanza also killed his mother at home by shooting her and taking her guns to the school. Adam’s Lanza’s brother also told law enforcement that he was â€Å"somewhat autistic†.

Fall of Usher :: essays research papers

"The Fall of the House of Usher" Summary The narrator approaches the House of Usher on a "dull, dark, and soundless day." This house--the estate of his boyhood friend, Roderick Usher--is very gloomy and mysterious. The narrator writes that the house seems to have collected an evil and diseased atmosphere from the decaying trees and murky ponds around it. He notes, however, that although the house itself is decaying in pieces (for example, individual stones are disintegrating), the structure itself is fairly solid. There is only a small break in the front of the building from the roof to the ground. The narrator reveals that he is to stay in this house because his friend, Roderick, sent him a letter earnestly requesting his company. Roderick told the narrator in this letter that he was feeling bodily and emotionally ill, so the narrator rushed to his house. The narrator also mentions that the Usher family, while an ancient clan, never flourished. Only one member of the Usher family survived from generation to gener ation, so they were all in a direct line of descent without any siblings. The inside of the house is just as spooky as the outside. The narrator makes his way through the long passages and to the room where Roderick is waiting. The narrator notes that his friend is paler and less energetic than he once was. Roderick tells the narrator that he suffers from nerves and fear. His senses are heightened. The narrator also notes that Roderick seems afraid of his own house. Further, Roderick's sister, Madeline Usher has taken ill with a mysterious illness that the doctors cannot even identify. The narrator proceeds to spend several days trying to cheer Roderick. He listens to Roderick play the guitar (and makes up words for his songs), he reads to Roderick, he sits with him for hours. Still, he cannot lift his sadness. Soon Roderick posits his theory that the house is unhealthy, just as the narrator had supposed at the beginning of the story. Soon, Madeline dies, and Roderick decides to bury her temporarily in the tombs below the house. He wants to do this because he is afraid that the doctors might dig up her body for scientific examination (since her disease was so strange to them). The narrator helps Roderick put the body in the tomb. He notes that she has rosy cheeks, as some do after death.

The Clifton Suspension Bridge

FunctionThe Clifton Suspension Bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and completed in 1864. The span spans 214m across the Avon Valley Gorge from Clifton to Leigh forests as shown in figure 3. The towers are 26.2m high and the span concatenation has a breadth of 6.1m Centres to center. There are two vehicle lanes and two prosaic waies. The prosaic paseo is to boot used as a sing topographic point along the Avon gorge. There are about 10,000 autos traversing per twenty-four hours with a gross vehicle weight bound of four dozenss. The toll for the span is presently 50p ( 27/11/09 ) . Bing an historic span, the construction requires changeless services which the tolls fund. The velocity bound on the span is presently 15mph and the weight bound is controlled utilizing a modern weight beam ( Mitchell-Baker, D. Et al 1988 ) . The span was designed to originally take the weight of Equus caballuss and passenger cars. The site location was chosen because of its short and flat span.St ructureThe span takes the signifier of a convention suspension span. This signifier was ambitious at the clip of design and if it was completed on agenda it would hold been the longest suspension span in the universe. The suspension span was a suited pick for two chief grounds. The first ground is that the tallness between the deck and the river below is 75m and to build a tower would be expensive. It besides would hold been expensive to build any signifier work. A suspension span can be constructed without the assistance of signifier work and Brunel ‘s design did non necessitate a tower compared with Telford proposal which included two Gothics styled towers ( Moore, Fuller. 1999 ) . The 2nd ground is that the strength of the environing topography allowed the being of ground tackles. In state of affairss where a suspension span would be suited, the status of the land is unsuitable for bearing the force per unit area from the overseas telegrams. One of the disadvantage of utili zing a suspension span on the site is that it can merely be a individual span. The ground tackles have to take the entire tenseness of the concatenation compared with a three span span where the deck on the side span acts as a counter weight, alleviating tenseness in the ground tackle. The construction is formed chiefly of a long concatenation, similar to a motorcycle concatenation, two towers and the span deck. As it is shown in figure 5 the concatenation is formed of three sub-layers on each side, each bed dwelling of an jumping 10 and 11 level wrought Fe bars. By increasing the figure of concatenation beds the overall opportunity of prostration lessenings. The level wrought Fe bars were designed to be every bit long as operable. The long bars decrease the entire weight of the ironss by cut downing the sum of heavy articulations. . By increasing the sum of ironss, the construction becomes less reliant on each person concatenation ; hence failure of a concatenation should non take to prostration. The dip to cross ration of the ironss contribute to the efficiency of the construction. High span to depth ratios cause high tenseness in the concatenation, this is because of the way of the concatenation reacts about perpendicular to the weight, making an inefficient construction. Low span to depth ratios do a more efficient concatenation but the tallness of the towers have to increase hence increasing the cost. The most effectual span to depth ratio is about 1:10 which is what was adopted by Brunel for the span. This is an betterment to the 1:13.5 ratio which Telford antecedently adopted on the Menai span. The chief catenary ironss are non attached straight to the deck at mid span ; this is done to let the chief deck to hover freely in the air current without seting strain on the ironss ( Pugsley, Sir A. 1976 ) , ( Porter G. 1974 ) . Hanging at 8ft intervals are the shaped Fe rods, which transfer the burden onto the concatenation. The array of rods is designed to oppose prostration if a individual rod should neglect. The rods are attached slackly between the concatenation and longitudinal girder, see figure 5 ; this allows motion which decreases the opportunity of failure from span motion. This so imposes a perpendicular downward force onto the towers and tenseness along the concatenation and in the ground tackles. The longitudinal girder as shown in figure 5, is a uninterrupted stiffened I beam. The girder is 3ft deep and connects the cross girder to the rods. The original design proposed by Brunel used a timber lattice girder with a matching stiffness, but by the clip of the Bridgess building the lumber lattice was replaced by an Fe plated girder. The girder takes the emphasis applied to a individual articulation on the concatenation and traverses it along the longitudinal length of the concatenation. As illustrated in figure 4, a truss construction is adopted for the cross girders. The truss construction is a really strong and efficient construction along the length. The shallow deepness allows thin strips to organize the trusses without clasping. The place of the cross girder is shown in figure 5. The cross girders are braced horizontally utilizing thin Fe strips to respond against air current burden. The quadrangle form deforms under burden by rotary motion at the articulations. The brace forms a triangular molded construction ; distortion in the triangular molded construction occurs by flexing of each member, therefore increasing the elements stiffness. Live tonss are transferred onto the lumber beams which span between each cross girder ; using a perpendicular burden and doing a bending minute in the girder. The lumber decking was chosen because it was light and suitably strong ; it besides allows easy accessible fixs. A shaped Fe adorning frame was added by Barlow and Hawkshaw to increase rigidness. The saddles are situated on top of the towers. The saddles allow sidelong motion of the ironss. Lateral motion occurs due to temperature alterations or unsymmetrical burden. The saddles besides allow the perpendicular emphasis to be reduced in the rock tower by increasing the contact country, understating the hazard of oppressing the rock. The ground tackles are 17m below the land and the ironss are spread into a chamber to make a stable foundation. The spreading of the concatenation allows the tenseness to be opposed by the compaction of the drop, non entirely trusting on the clash. The advantage of this is that the strength of the ground tackles increases ; it besides takes advantage of the strong limestone foundation. ( Pugsley, A. 1976. )StrengthThe constructions weight bound for vehicles is presently four dozenss. This weight bound was introduced about 50 old ages ago when applied scientists decided that the big tonss and weariness could take to fall in. The sum of vehicles on the span at one clip is controlled by the toll booths. This is done to cut down the entire burden on the span at any minute. Brunel designed the span to defy an adventitious burden of 100lbf/sq.ft which is about equal to 4.7 KPa of force per unit area ( Porter G, R.F.D. 1974 ) . . This is simular to the unrecorded burden which is adopted on modern Bridgess with similar spans ( Bangash, M, Y, H. 1999 )ConstructionAfter planing the span, the foundations and abutments were the first elements to be constructed. Then the towers were the following thing to be constructed. The ironss were pulled across by rope and so the deck was attached to the concatenation.CareBetween 1864 and 1953 the lumber decking had been replaced three times and the ironwork had been treated twice and at the terminal of this period was still in good status. Two suspender rods had failed in a terrible storm in 1877 and three more had failed in 1887. Both occasions the exact cause of the failure is still non convincingly known. In 1861 a 6 metric ton vehicle weight bound was appointed to the span. The size and weight of vehicles was continuously increasing and applied scientists were concerned with the Bridgess construction. It was based on the theory that repeated lading on metal causes its hempen construction to go crystallite. In 1918 one every 10 bolts from the rods were removed for proving, and they were all found to be of equal strength though some cleft appeared ; these clefts were likely to happen from hammering. The drainage of the span had caused serious corrosion to anchor degree ironss. In 1925 an excess nexus was added to the ironss but there were still concerns for the ground tackles status. To get the better of this concern concrete was poured to a deepness of above 9ft above the ground tackle. In 1953 the duty of the span was passed to the trusses and the national heritage. The point burden of wheels was known to be more detrimental to the deck than to the construction as a whole, doing the deck to be once more in a terrible status. The weight bound was so changed from 6 ton bound to 2.5 ton axle weight and 4 ton vehicle weight. ( Mitchell-Baker, D. . Cullimore, M. S. G. 1988 ) In 2009 a prosaic noticed a serious cleft in one of the suspension rods and the closing of the span followed. Impermanent supports were put in topographic point while the rod was replaced. A twelvemonth earlier work to better the sealing, drainage and new route surface was completed. This would diminish the sum of corrosion of the Fe work. ( BBC News. 2009 )AestheticssThe span is really aesthetically delighting, it has few single elements, and each component is similar in map. The girders are really thin and it has a uninterrupted span which besides makes it more appealing to people, most people would hold the span is beautiful. The form of the construction besides reflects the force applied to it, being dilutant in the center and thicker as it gets towards the borders where the greater minutes would happen. The span besides has a bold and dramatic lineation when viewed from along the vale ( Gottermoeller, F. 1998 ) . The towers are curved so that they appear tall from below, organiz ing a bold construction. The towers are besides in good proportions compared with the immediate surrounding and harmonious in three dimensions. The span is constructed utilizing locally sourced stuffs, incorporating the construction into the environment. ( Chen, W et Al. 1999 ) . The span is 3ft higher on the Clifton side. This is done to halt the semblance that the span deck is falling towards the drop.

Business Analysis Telstra, Australia s Leading...

Introduction Telstra is Australia’s leading organisation in telecommunication and information services. With approximately 34,679 (http://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/download/document/sustainability-report-2013-our-people.pdf) employees and an international presence in 15 countries, Telstra strives to change the way people live and work through â€Å"improved and more convenient connection†. They aim to always take put the customer first and constantly provide support for the community in which Telstra operates. Sustainability Social performance Nowadays, the demand for large corporations to contribute to the local community is increasing rapidly. Corporate social responsibility is no longer a choice for organisations; it is an expectation set by the stakeholders of the business. Corporate social responsibility improves the organisation’s brand reputation, increases sales and revenue, increases the satisfaction of employees and overall contributes to a better quality community, so it is the business’s best interest to involve themselves in socially responsible activities (Why Socially Responsible, 2014). Telstra continues each year to invest in the wellbeing of Australia by donating to charities, breaking down social and financial barriers, and implementing programs to help improve people’s lives. In 2013, Telstra primarily focused on social issues such as digital inclusion, cyber safety, disaster relief and recovery, and reconciliation action. Many programs and policiesShow MoreRelatedStrategic Planning Department Of My Company Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHere I’m working in the investment section of the strategic planning department of my company. My organisation is considering the Australian equities market for research purpose. As per our company management team meeting me and my colleagues have collected data from two major ASX listed company, Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) and Telstra. We have collected data regarding particular areas of the accounting standards, including, leasing, liabilities, intangibles, and revenue. We have discussedRead MoreInformation Systems For International Students2786 Words   |  12 Pagesinternational students and a few of us are in our first semester at Swinburne, it was almost impossible for us to find an Information Systems Manager and would like to thank Jason for leading us to Mr. Mim Saznus. We understand that we are required to draw a direct correlation between what we’ve learnt in lectures and textbooks and see if we could relate it to challenges that Information Systems Managers face in the real world or see how much of a gap we have between what we learn and what actually happensRead MoreIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 PagesUNITS 3 AND 4 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT SUMMARY UNIT 3 AOS1 – LARGE SCALE ORGANISATIONS IN CONTEXT LARGE SCALE ORANGISATIONS -An organisation is an entity enabling groups of people to work in a planned and coordinate way to achieve a common goal or objective Classifying LSO s *Number of employee s exceeds 200 (according to the ABS) *Revenue (gross income) is in the millions of dollars *Total assets or market capitalisation (no. of shares x share value) is over $200 million *Profit after tax is

Why Was the Decision Made to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan

The decision to use the atomic bomb to attack two Japanese cities and effectively end World War II remains one of the most controversial decisions in history. The conventional view, going back to the initial press coverage in 1945, was that the use of atomic weapons was justified as it ended a long and very costly war. However, over the intervening decades, other interpretations of the decision to strike two Japanese cities have been offered. Alternative explanations include the idea that the United States was largely interested in using atomic weapons as a way of ending the war quickly and keeping the Soviet Union from getting involved in the fighting in the Pacific. Fast Facts: Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb President Truman made the decision to use the atomic bomb with no public or congressional debate. He later formed a group known as the Interim Committee to decide how—but not whether—the bomb should be used.A small group of renowned scientists, including some involved in the creation of the bomb, advocated against its use, but their arguments were essentially ignored.The Soviet Union was set to enter the war in Japan within months, but the Americans were wary of Soviet intentions. Ending the war quickly would prevent Russian participation in the fighting and expansion into parts of Asia.In the Potsdam Declaration, issued on July 26, 1945, the United States made a call for the unconditional surrender of Japan. Japans rejection of the demand led to final order to proceed with atomic bombing. Trumans Options When Harry Truman became president after the death of  Franklin D. Roosevelt  in April 1945, he was informed of a momentous and extraordinarily secret project: the development of the first atomic bomb. A group of scientists had approached Roosevelt years earlier, expressing fear that Nazi scientists would develop an atomic bomb. Eventually, the  Manhattan Project  was organized to create an American super weapon fueled by an atomic reaction. By the time Truman was informed of the Manhattan Project, Germany was nearly defeated. The remaining enemy of the United States, Japan, continued fighting in an incredibly bloody war in the Pacific. In early 1945, campaigns on  Iwo Jima  and  Okinawa  proved very costly. Japan was being heavily bombed by formations of a new bomber, the  B-29. Despite heavy casualties, especially among Japanese civilians killed in an American incendiary bombing campaign, the Japanese government seemed intent on continuing the war. JULY 16, 1945: Manhattan Project officials, including Dr. Robert J. Oppenheimer (white hat) and General Leslie Groves (next to him), inspect detonation site of the Trinity atomic bomb test. The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images / Getty Images In the spring of 1945, Truman and his military advisers had two obvious options. They could resolve to fight a prolonged war against Japan, which would probably mean having to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945 and perhaps even continue fighting into 1946 or beyond. Or they could continue working on acquiring a functional atomic bomb and seek to end the war with devastating attacks on Japan. Lack of Debate Before the atomic bomb was used for the first time there was no debate in Congress or among the American public. There was a simple reason for that: almost no one in Congress had been aware of the Manhattan Project, and the public had no inkling that a weapon that could end the war was on the horizon. Even the many thousands who worked on the project at various labs and secret facilities were unaware of the ultimate purpose of their labor. Yet in the summer of 1945, as the atomic bomb was being prepared for its final testing, a closely contained debate over its use did emerge within the circle of scientists who had contributed to its development.  Leo Szilard, a refugee Hungarian physicist who had petitioned President Roosevelt to begin work on the bomb years earlier, had grave concerns. The main reason Szilard had urged the United States to begin work on the atomic bomb was his fear that Nazi scientists would develop nuclear weapons first. Szilard and other European scientists who worked on the project for the Americans had considered the use of the bomb against the Nazis to be legitimate. But with Germany’s surrender in May 1945, they had concerns about using the bomb against Japan, which did not seem to be developing its own atomic weapons. Szilard and physicist James Franck submitted a report to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson in June 1945. They argued that the bomb should be not be used against Japan without warning, and that a demonstration explosion should be arranged so the Japanese leadership could understand the threat. Their arguments were essentially ignored. The Interim Committee The secretary of war formed a group called the Interim Committee, which was tasked with deciding how the bomb was to be used. The issue of whether it should be used was not really an issue. The thinking in the highest levels of the Truman administration and the military was quite clear: if the atomic bomb could shorten the war, it should be used. (Original Caption) President Harry S. Truman met to discuss the future uses of atomic energy with a group of scientists and cabinet members at the White House. Together after meeting with the president are (left to right): George L. Harrison, special consultant to the secretary of war; Major General Leslie Richard Groves, in charge of the governments atomic bomb project; Dr. James Conant, chairman of the National Defense Research Committee and president of Harvard University; and Dr. Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and president of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, DC. Above group makes up the Interim Committee to investigate the future uses of atomic energy. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The Interim Committee, which comprised government officials, military officers, scientists, and even a public relations expert, determined that targets for atomic bombs should be a military-industrial facility deemed important to Japan’s war-related industries. Defense factories tended to be located in or near cities, and would naturally be located not far from housing for many civilian workers. So it was always assumed that civilians would be in the target zone, but that was not unusual in the context of the war. Many thousands of civilians had died in the Allied bombing of Germany, and the firebombing campaign against Japan in early 1945 had already killed as many as a half-million Japanese civilians. Timing and the Soviet Union As the world’s first atomic bomb was being readied for a test blast in a remote desert area of New Mexico in July 1945, President Truman traveled to Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin, to meet with Britain’s Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. Churchill had known the Americans had been working on the bomb. Stalin had been officially kept in the dark, though Soviet spies working within the Manhattan Project had been passing along information that a major weapon was being developed. One of Truman’s considerations at the Potsdam Conference was the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan. The Soviets and the Japanese were not at war, and were actually adhering to a non-aggression pact signed years earlier. In meetings with Churchill and President Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference in early 1945, Stalin had agreed that the Soviet Union would attack Japan three months after the surrender of Germany. As Germany had surrendered on May 8, 1945, that placed the Soviet Unions entry into the Pacific war on August 8, 1945. British, Soviet and American military leaders meet during the Potsdam conference to discuss the future of post-war Germany. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images As Truman and his advisers saw it, Russian help fighting Japan would be welcomed if the Americans would be facing more years of grueling combat. However, the Americans were very wary of Soviet intentions. Seeing the Russians acquire influence over Eastern Europe, there was a great interest in preventing Soviet expansion into parts of Asia. Truman knew that if the bomb worked and could possibly end the war quickly, he could prevent widespread Russian expansion in Asia. So when a coded message reached him in Potsdam informing him that the bomb test was successful, he could engage Stalin with greater confidence. He knew he would not need Russian help to defeat Japan. In his handwritten journal, Truman jotted down his thoughts in Potsdam on July 18, 1945. After describing a conversation with Stalin, he noted, â€Å"Believe Japs will fold up before Russia comes in. I am sure they will when Manhattan [referring to the Manhattan Project] appears over their homeland.† Surrender Demand At the Potsdam conference, the United States issued a call for unconditional surrender of Japan. In the Potsdam Declaration, issued on July 26, 1945, the United States, Great Britain, and the Republic of China argued that Japan’s position was futile and its armed forces should surrender unconditionally. The document’s final sentence stated: â€Å"The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.† No specific mention was made of the atomic bomb. On July 29, 1945, Japan rejected the Potsdam Declaration. This letter of warning to the Japanese people was dropped from airplanes over Japanese cities following the first Hiroshima atomic bomb blast. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Two Bombs The United States had two atomic bombs ready to use. A target list of four cities had been determined, and it was decided that the bombs would be used after August 3, 1945, as weather permitted.   The first atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Its destruction was enormous, but Japan still did not appear willing to surrender. On the morning of August 6 in America, radio stations played a recorded address by President Truman. He announced the use of the atomic bomb and issued a warning to the Japanese that more atomic bombs could be used against their homeland.   The Japanese government continued to reject calls for surrender. The city of Nagasaki was attacked with another atomic bomb on August 9, 1945. Whether or not the dropping of the second atomic bomb was necessary has long been debated. Controversy Endures Over the decades, it was generally taught that the use of the atomic bomb was to end the war. However, over time the issue of its use being part of an American strategy to contain the Soviet Union has also gained credence. A national controversy over the decision to use the atomic bomb erupted in the mid-1990s, when the Smithsonian Institution made changes to a proposed exhibit featuring the Enola Gay, the B-29 that dropped the Hiroshima bomb. As originally planned, the exhibit would have included criticism of the decision to drop the bomb. Veterans groups, arguing that the use of the bomb saved the lives of troops who would have died in combat during an invasion of combat, protested the planned exhibit. Sources: Cheek, Dennis W. Atomic Bomb. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, edited by Carl Mitcham, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, pp. 134-137. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Fussell, Paul. The Atomic Bombings Ended the Savagery of Both Sides. The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, edited by Sylvia Engdahl, Greenhaven Press, 2011, pp. 66-80. Perspectives on Modern World History. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Bernstein, Barton J. Atomic Bomb. Ethics, Science, Technology, and Engineering: A Global Resource, edited by J. Britt Holbrook, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2015, pp. 146-152. Gale Virtual Reference Library.